Arten von Kaltluftseen

Grundsätzlich kann zwischen geschlossenen Kaltluftseen und offenen Kaltluftseen unterschieden werden. Bei geschlossenen Kaltluftseen handelt es sich um Senken ohne oberirdischen Abfluss. Bei offenen Kaltluftseen handelt es sich um Täler, welche eine Verengung aufweisen, hinter welcher sich Kaltluft aufstauen kann.

Geschlossene Kaltluftseen

Die besten Voraussetzungen für die Ausbildung eines Kaltluftsees bieten geschlossene Senken. Drei Entstehungsarten dominieren hier:

      • Karstphänomene im Kalkgestein (z.B. La Brévine/NE, Glattalp/SZ, Sämtisersee/AI),
      • durch Bergsturzereignisse (z.B. Voralpsee/SG, Caumasee/GR) sowie
      • durch glaziale Prozesse gebildete Senken.

Dabei treten auch Mischformen auf: die Senke bei Hintergräppelen/SG zeigt auf ihrem Boden klassische Karsterscheinungen (Schluckloch/Ponor), gegen Westen wird die Senke durch eine Moräne begrenzt (vgl. ).

Offene Kaltluftseen

Nicht vollständig abgeschlossene Kaltluftseen bilden sich dort, wo der Zufluss den Abfluss an Kaltluft während der Ausbildungsphase übersteigt, bis sich ein Gleichgewicht einstellt.

Im Obergoms bildet der Schuttfächer der Löuwene zwischen Geschinen und Münster eine Talverengung, hinter welcher der Kaltluftabfluss verlangsamt wird. Die Station Ulrichen gehört regelmässig zu den Stationen mit den kältesten Temperaturen im Messnetz von MeteoSchweiz.

Ähnliche Konstellationen findet man auch im Urserental (hier wirkt die Verengung im Bereich der Schöllenenschlucht als Stauer). Das Oberengadin weist zwischen Samedan und S-chanf auf einer Horizontaldistanz von etwa 13 km einen Höhenunterschied von knapp 50 m auf. Der Taleinschnitt verengt sich verschiedentlich (z.B. God Chasalitsch  zwischen Bever und La Punt), was auch hier zur Ausbildung eines Kaltluftsees führt. Bedingt durch die Höhenlage ist die Station Samedan häufig noch etwas kälter als Ulrichen. Die tiefste bisher registrierte Temperatur von -36.9°C wurde am 1. Januar 1985 gemessen.

Literatur

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